Effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate on Net Fat Synthesis as De Novo Lipogenesis
DNL has been the subject of much debate for years and many readers have probably seen it claimed that ‘carbs in excess of needs simply get converted to fat and stored’. This is true if you’re looking at rats, mice and hamsters. One study (Acheson et. al., 1982) in humans gave the subjects 500 grams of carbohydrates (2000 calories) all at once; conversion of carbs to fat was insignificant. The majority of research in humans has not found DNL to contribute significantly to fat gain except under a few very extreme conditions.
Milk as an Effective Post-Exercise Rehydration Drink
The effectiveness of low-fat milk, alone and with an additional 20 mmol/l NaCl, at restoring fluid balance after exercise-induced hypohydration was compared to a sports drink and water. After losing 1·8 (SD 0·1) % of their body mass during intermittent exercise in a warm environment, eleven subjects consumed a drink volume equivalent to 150 % of their sweat loss. Urine samples were collected before and for 5 h after exercise to assess fluid balance.
Metabolic Rate Overview
Long-term changes in energy balance are what ultimately determine what happens to the body. A long-term excess of energy balance (energy in exceeds energy out) will lead to a gain of body mass; a long-term deficit in energy balance (energy out exceeds energy in) leads to a decrease in body mass. Whether that changed body mass is made up of fat, muscle, or some combination depends on a few factors.
